Information about:  immigration law, nonimmigrant visas, immigrant visas, "green cards," labor certifications, family- and employment-based, naturalization.  Lawyers speak English, Japanese & Spanish.  Areas entail:  H, L, O, P, F, EB, etc., specialist/professional visas, intracompany transferees, investors, extraordinary ability, RIR, PERM, etc.



 .....2007 News.....
Online USCIS on-line AR-11 change of address: USCIS On-Line AR-11Change of Address
Download "fillable" IRS change of address form: IRS-8822
Download DMV (NY) change of address form: MV-232
JAPANESE Site..
 

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)..
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service (US CIS) (US CIS)..
US Department of State "VISA" Site (DOS VISA)..
DHS US VISIT (US VISIT)..
US Department of Justice (DOJ)..
US Department of State (DOS)..
US Embassy/Consulate (USEMB/CON)..
Social Security Administration (SSA)..
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)..
American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA)..
Legal Disclaimer..
RECENT NEWS/UPDATES:..January 2007
2007
Jan 22, 2007: New Citizenship (Naturalization) Test...
Jan 12, 2007: On-LIne AR-11 Change of Address...
Jan 10, 2007: H/L Periods of Admission (6 Years?)...

HIGHLIGHTS
Indefinite: Foreign National Information/Database (Agency/Policy Section)
Indefinite: US VISIT "Biometric Identification" System (Agency/Policy Section)
Oct. 4, 2006: Diversity Visa Lottery Program Registration:  Oct 4, 2006 - Dec. 3, 2006
Oct. 26, 2005: US CIS Announces Fee Increase (October 26, 2005)
Sept. 13, 2005: State-by-State Summary of State Laws on Driver's License (CRS Report)
July 1, 2005: Immigrant Visa Retrogression:  All Nationalities/Third Preference
April 1, 2005: Direct Mail Program For I-485, I-765 and I-131, Phase Two: April 1, 2004
Mar. 28, 2005: PERM LCA (March 28, 2005)

2006
Sept. 28, 2006: Diversity Visa Lottery Program Registration:  Oct 4, 2006 - Dec. 3, 2006
Sept. 25, 2006: Premium Processing Expansion...
Sept. 15, 2006: Security Checks and Processing Delays...
August 18, 2006: Premium Processing Expansion
June 1, 2006: H-1B Visa Cap Reached
May 5, 2006: Security Checks and Processing Delays...
April 17, 2006: The Immigration Reform Bills...
April 3, 2006: Changes in Submission Address for I-129 and I-140 Applications...
March 28, 2006: H-1B Filing Begins on April 1, 2006 for FY 2007 (Oct. 1, 2006 - Sept. 30, 2007)
March 13, 2006: F and M Visa "Stickers" Issued 120 Days Prior to Academic Study
Feb. 7, 2006: I-864 Affidavit of Support With Initial Filing (Tax Return - 1 Year Only)
Feb. 6, 2006: I-693 Medical Examination Submission With Initial Filing
Feb. 3, 2006: Interviews Waived for Certain Family-Based Adjustment of Status Cases
Jan. 18, 2006: U.S. Master's Degree Holder's H-1B Visa "Cap" Reached
Jan. 17, 2006: H-1B Additional Periods (Keep Your Airline Tickets)
Jan. 12, 2006: H-1B Filing Begins on April 1, 2006 for FY 2007 (Oct. 1, 2006 - Sept. 30, 2007)
Jan. 5, 2006: U.S. Master's Degree Holder's H-1B Visa "Cap" Nearly Reached

2005 Highlights
Oct. 26, 2005: Digital Photo Passport Requirement for VWP Travelers (October 26, 2005)
Oct. 26, 2005: US CIS Announces Fee Increase (October 26, 2005)
Sept. 13, 2005: State-by-State Summary of State Laws on Driver's License (CRS Report)
July 2, 2005: AC21 105 Allows "Bridging" For H-1B "Portability" Applications
July 1, 2005: Immigrant Visa Retrogression:  All Nationalities/Third Preference
June 13, 2005: AC21 104(c) H-11B Periods (Beyond Initial 6-Year Limitation)
June 12, 2005: AC21 106(a) H-1B Periods (Beyond Initial 6-Year Limitation)
June 6, 2005: L-1 Visa Reform Act / "Blanket L" L-1s Require 1 Year Overseas Experience
June 6, 2005: L-1 Visa Reform Act / L-1B "Outsourcing" Limitation
June 1, 2005: All I-90 "Green Card" To Be Filed at Los Angeles Lockbox...
May 15, 2005: E-3 Visas for Australian Nationals (Spouses Eligible for Work Authorization)...
May 1, 2005: US CIS RFE (Request for Evidence) Issuance / US CIS Guidance Memorandum
April 15, 2005: Correcting Visa "Status (I-94)" Information
2005?: Republicans:  Temporary Worker Status Proposal (Inadmissibility Section)
2005?: Democrats:  SOLVE Act (Inadmissibility Section)

MONTHLY (Archived)
Monthly Archive Index: Monthly Archive Index (1997-2005)
Agencies & Policies Index: Immigration News:  Agencies & Policies


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2007 NEWS/UPDATES


Jan 22, 2007:  New Citizenship (Naturalization) Test...
The USCIS is beginning a pilot program on a new Naturalization test (for U.S. Citizenship).  A revised Guide to Naturalization is also available.
Download: USCIS New Naturalization Test Fact Sheet (DHS/USCIS) (Jan 2007)
Download: USCIS New Guide to Naturalization Booklet (DHS/USCIS) (Jan 2007).
Related: Naturalization/Citizenship......

Jan 12, 2007:  On-LIne AR-11 Change of Address...

The USCIS has implemented the on-line change of address system but this applies to the AR-11 Form.  There has been problems in the past with the USCIS not properly acknowledging a change of address request.  The AR-11 is the "general" change of address notification that is required by the USCIS.  Depending on the process/procedure that is being undertaken, it is always recommended that a change of address notification include (1) phone call to the National Benefits Center (18003755283), (2) via mail to Regional Service Center (if appropriate), and (3) via mail to District Office.
Gov. Site: USCIS On-Line AR-11 Change of Address (DHS/USCIS) (Jan 2007)......

Jan 10, 2007:  H/L Periods of Admission (6 Years?)...

The USCIS has issued a memorandum that provides guidance in three areas regarding how adjudicators should determine periods of admissions for an H or L beneficiary.
1) Clarifies that time spent as an H-4 and L-2 dependent does not count against the maximum allowable periods of stay available to principals in H-1B and L-1 status.
2) Clarifies that H-1B aliens, who qualify under American Competitiveness in the Twenty-First Century Act of 2000 (AC21) (Pub.L.106-313) section 106(a) and (c), need not be in H-1B status when requesting an additional period of stay beyond the six year maximum.
3)  Clarifies how to determine the maximum period of admission in H-1B status for a beneficiary who was in the United States in valid H-1B status for less than the six-year maximum period of admission, but who has since been outside the United States for more than one year.
Download: USCIS H/L Periods of Admission Memorandum (DHS/USCIS) (Jan 2007)
Related: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa....
Related: L Nonimmigrant Visa..


2006 NEWS/UPDATES



Nov. 6, 2006:  USCIS Expands Premium Processing Service...
The premium processing service will become available to EB-1 aliens with extraordinary ability as of November 13, 2006. 

Oct. 6, 2006:  Pre-PERM Applications:  Conversion to RIR from Standard without Losing Priority Date...

The DOL announced that any Standard Labor Certification Applications submitted to a SWA with a postmark dated on or before March 28, 2005 may request conversion to RIR. RIR takes significantly less time than Standard Labor Certification; thus it is often preferred over Standard. Conversion is effective as of today, and there is no specific deadline by which an employer may request RIR conversion. However, once the Backlog Elimination Center begins the recruitment process, the application loses its eligibility for RIR conversion.  If RIR is approved, the case will move to the RIR processing queue, and the application will be processed by the original priority date. If RIR eligibility is denied, the case will remain in the Standard processing queue, and the application will be processed by the original priority date, meaning, you will not lose the priority date. 

Sept. 28, 2006: 2008 Diversity Visa Lottery Program Registration...

Applications for the 2008 Diversity Visa (DV) Lottery will be accepted between noon Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) (GMT-4), Wednesday, October 4, 2006 and noon Eastern Standard Time (EST) (GMT-5) Sunday, December 3, 2006.  Applicants may access the electronic Diversity Visa entry form at www.dvlottery.state.gov during the registration period. Paper entries will not be accepted.  Applicants are strongly encouraged not to wait until the last week of the registration period to enter.  Heavy demand may result in website delays.  No entries will be accepted after noon EST on December 3, 2006...
News Index: News Index
Main Index: Immigration Index....

Sept. 25, 2006: Premium Processing Expansion...

Starting on September 28, 2006, USCIS will further expand accepting Premium Processing requests for petitions for certain I-140 employment-based immigrant preference categories (for "green card").  Combined with the previous expansion of premium processing, the following I-140 applications will be available after September 28, 2006:
• EB-1, outstanding professors and researchers,
• EB-2, members of professions with advanced degrees or exceptional ability not seeking a National Interest Waiver,
• EB-3, workers other than skilled workers and professionals (i.e., unskilled labor requiring less than two years of training or experience),
• EB-3, Professionals, (i.e. immigrant workers with bachelor degrees who are members of the professions),
• EB-3 Skilled Workers, (i.e. immigrant workers capable of performing skilled labor requiring at least two years of education, training or experience).
Under the Premium Processing Service, USCIS guarantees petitioners that, for a $1,000 processing fee, it will issue either an approval notice, or where appropriate, a notice of intent to deny, a request for evidence or open an investigation for fraud or misrepresentation, within 15 calendar days of receipt. If the petition is not processed within 15 calendar days, USCIS will refund the $1,000 fee and continue to process the request as part of the Premium Processing Service. In addition to faster processing, petitioners who participate in the program may use a dedicated phone number and e-mail address to check on the status of their petition or ask any other questions they may have concerning their petition.  Applications already submitted may be converted to Premium Processing through various methods, including, E-filing (internet).
The USCIS has revised the Request for Premium Processing Services form (Form I-907), to include expansion of Premium Processing Service to the newly designated classifications.
Download: Premium Processing Expansion Memo (DHS/USCIS) (09/06)...
Download: Premium Processing Expansion Memo (DHS/USCIS) (06/06)....ess
Related: Immigrant Visa "Green Card" (Employment-Based)..
News Index: News Index
Main Index: Immigration Index.....

Sept. 15, 2006: Security Checks and Processing Delays...

Many benefit applications, including N-400 naturalization applications, filed with the USCIS, require immigration security checks.  Earlier this year, the USCIS published a press release detailing the four major security checks that impact delays in processing an application.  Some security checks are handled by the USCIS, while others by different government agencies.  The IBIS Name Check (Interagency Border Inspection System) seems to be the only security check that is relatively fast, while the FBI Fingerprint Check takes some time, and the FBI Name Check perhaps causing the most delays.  These delays most commonly impact I-485 adjustment of status ("green card") applications and N-400 naturalization ("citizenship") applications.
For example, for an I-485 family-based adjustment application based on a marriage, while an interview may have already occurred and everything seem perfectly fine, applicants must still wait until the FBI Fingerprint/Name checks are complete (sometimes additional fingerprinting can be requested by the USCIS) before a decision is given by the USCIS/
For N-400 naturalization applications, the average processing times is now 6 months compared to 14 months earlier this year, and on Sept. 15, 2006, the USCIS announced that backlogs for N-400 applications have been substantially eliminated (note, however, that the USCIS does not consider applications with pending security checks by other government agencies to be within their control).
Download: USCIS Fact Sheet on Elimination of N-400 Backlogs (DHS/USCIS) (09/06)
Download: USCIS Fact Sheet on Security Checks (DHS/USCIS) (04/06)
Download: USCIS Interoffice Memorandum / Security Checks for N-400 Applications (DHS/USCIS) (04/06).
News Index: News Index....
Main Index: Immigration Index....

August 18, 2006:  Premium Processing Expansion

Starting on August 28, 2006, USCIS will begin accepting Premium Processing requests for petitions involving two employment-based immigration “categories” within the third employment-based “preference.”  Those categories involve EB-3 Professionals, (i.e. immigrant workers with bachelor degrees who are members of the professions), and EB-3 Skilled Workers, (i.e. immigrant workers capable of performing skilled labor requiring at least two years of education, training or experience). Employers file for both categories using an Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker (Form I-140). Premium Processing is not available to “other workers” in the EB-3 category for jobs that do not require two years of education, training or experience.
Under the Premium Processing Service, USCIS guarantees petitioners that, for a $1,000 processing fee, it will issue either an approval notice, or where appropriate, a notice of intent to deny, a request for evidence or open an investigation for fraud or misrepresentation, within 15 calendar days of receipt. If the petition is not processed within 15 calendar days, USCIS will refund the $1,000 fee and continue to process the request as part of the Premium Processing Service. In addition to faster processing, petitioners who participate in the program may use a dedicated phone number and e-mail address to check on the status of their petition or ask any other questions they may have concerning their petition.  Applications already submitted may be converted to Premium Processing through various methods, including, E-filing (internet).
The USCIS has revised the Request for Premium Processing Services form (Form I-907), to include expansion of Premium Processing Service to the newly designated classifications.
Download: Premium Processing Expansion Memo (DHS/USCIS) (06/06)....ess
Related: Immigrant Visa "Green Card" (Employment-Based).
News Index: News Index....
Main Index: Immigration Index......

June 1, 2006: H-1B Visa Cap Reached

After publishing on May 25, 2006 that there were approximately 10,000 H-1B visa numbers remaining for FY2007, on June 1, 2006, the USCIS has announced that as of May 26, 2006, the H-1B visa numbers for FY2007 has been reached*.  The "final receipt date" for H-1B applications subject to the FY 2007 annual cap (October 1, 2006 - September 30, 2007) is May 26, 2006.  Affected H-1B applications received on that date will be subject to the random selection process.
Note: U.S. Masters and higher degree holders can still apply for FY2007.
20,000 H-1B visas are available for foreign nationals with Masters and higher degrees from U.S. graduate schools.  As of June 2006, there are approximately 14,000 remaining.  Applicants should file as soon as possible.
Note: Cap-exempt H-1B visa applications can be applied at any time.
H-1B applications that are not subject to the numerical limitation are not affected by the "visa cap" problem.  Therefore, cap-exempt H-1B employment start date can be on/before/after October 1, 2006.
Applications that are not subject to the cap are:
a)(1)  H-1B extension application for the same H-1B employer/petitioner,
a)(2)  H-1B application by an H-1B visa holder to work concurrently for a new employer/peititioner, unless current H-1B employer is (c), (d), or (e) below AND the new H-1B employer is not (c), (d) or (e) below,
b)  H-1B change of H-1B employer/petitioner application (including extension), unless, the prior H-1B employer was (c), (d), or (e) below AND the new H-1B employer is not (c), (d) or (e) below.
c)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is an institution of higher education as defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965, section 101(a), 20 U.S.C. section 1001(a).
d)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is a nonprofit organization or entity related to or affiliated with an institution of higher education, as such institutions of higher education are defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965, section 101(a), 20 U.S.C. section 1001(a).
e)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is a nonprofit research organization or a governmental research organization, as defined in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(19)(iii)(C).
f)  The H-1B beneficiary/employee of the application is a J-1 nonimmigrant alien (graduate medical education or training pursuant to IAN 212(e)(iii)) who received a waiver of the 2-year foreign residency requirement described in section 214(l)(1)(B) of the Act (commonly referred to as the Conrad State 20 program).
g)  The H-1B beneficiary/employee has been previously granted status as an H-1B nonimmigrant in the past 6 years and not left the United States for more than a year after attaining such status,
h)  20,000 (limited to) foreign nationals with Masters and higher degrees from U.S. graduate schools (limited to 20,000 per fiscal year [for FY 2006, as of May 25, 2006, there are approximately 14,000 available]).
*After publishing on May 25, 2006 that there were approximately 10,000 H-1B visa numbers remaining for FY2007, on June 1, 2006, the USCIS has announced that as of May 26, 2006, the H-1B visa numbers for FY2007 has been reached.
According to AILA (AILA Infonet Doc. No. 06060270, posted June 2, 2006), the sudden deluge of H-1B applications that occurred between May 25 and May 26 is due in part because of data-entering delays and backlogs caused by the new Bi-Specialization filing (effective April 1, 2006).  Bi-Specialization filing changed the procedure where I-129 applications (such as H-1Bs) were no longer filed at four regional service centers, but only at the VSC (Vermont Service Center). 
Details: Changes in Submission Address for I-129 and I-140 Applications
Download: FY 2007 H-1B Visa Cap Reached Memo (DHS/USCIS) (06/06)....
Gov. Site: Official FY 2007 H-1B Visa Number Site (DHS/USCIS) (June 2006)press
Details: H-1B Visa "Cap" Numerical Limitation Section (H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Section)
Related: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa
Contact Our Firm: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa...
News Index: News Index....
Main Index: Immigration Index.......

May 5, 2006: Security Checks and Processing Delays...

Many benefit applications filed with the USCIS require immigration security checks, and the USCIS has published a press release detailing the four major security checks.  There is a relationship and also a discrepancy in the processing if a benefit application based on the security check procedure with the USCIS and other government agencies such as the FBI, that can add to delays.  The IBIS Name Check (Interagency Border Inspection System) seems to be the only security check that is relatively fast, while the FBI Fingerprint Check takes some time, and the FBI Name Check perhaps causing the most delays.  These delays seem to most commonly impact I-485 adjustment of status ("green card") applications and N-400 naturalization ("citizenship") applications.  For the former, while an interview may have already occurred, applicants must wait until the FBI Fingerprint/Name checks finish (sometimes additional fingerprinting can be requested by the USCIS).  For N-400 naturalization applications, interviews are being post-poned until the FBI Name Check is completed.
Download: USCIS Fact Sheet on Security Checks (DHS/USCIS) (04/06)
Download: USCIS Interoffice Memorandum / Security Checks for N-400 Applications (DHS/USCIS) (04/06)...

April 17, 2006: The Immigration Reform Bills...

Two bills introduced in the 109th Congress that focus on reforming the immigration system represents different approaches -- the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act of 2005 (S. 1033/H.R. 2330), introduced on May 12, 2005, by Senators John McCain (R-AZ) and Edward Kennedy (D-MA), and the Comprehensive Enforcement and Immigration Reform Act (S. 1438), introduced on July 20, 2005, by Senators John Cornyn (R-TX) and Jon Kyl (R-AZ).  It is important to note that the McCain-Kennedy bill which has gained media attention has is very far from becoming enacted into law.  Many aspects of the debated bill will change before it becomes law, but the current McCain-Kennedy bill includes creating a new employment-based nonimmigrant visa worker category (H-5A) that allows for self-petitioning for an immigrant visa ("green card") and a similar program for currently illegal individuals in the U.S. (the H-5B -- which also requires a paying a penalty, proving residence in the U.S., employment history, etc.).  The "path to Citizenship" only means that once an individual obtains the H-5A/B, then, he/she may thereafter be eligible for an immigrant visa ("green card"), and thereafter, become eligible to apply for U.S. Citizenship (by filing and obtaining approval of the Naturalization application).  There is no "amnesty," as individuals for both the H-5A/B must meet many requirements to be approved, but in the H-5B there is a waiver for "overstaying (which prohibits individuals from obtaining status because of inadmissibility grounds)."  The bills may again be debated when Congress returns on April 24, 2006......

April 3, 2006: Changes in Submission Address for I-129 and I-140 Applications...

Immigration-related applications are submitted and processed at various offices, including the Local/District US CIS Office, the local ASC (Application Support Center), the NBC (National Benefits Center, formerly the MSC), the four major regional service centers:  VSC (Vermont), CSC (California), TSC (Texas), and NSC (Nebraska), and others.  Starting on April 1, 2006, all employment-based I-129 nonimmigrant visa applications are submitted to the VSC (to be processed by the VSC and the CSC), and all employment-based I-140 immigrant visa applications are submitted to the NSC (to be processed by the NSC and TSC).
Download: Changes in Submission Address for I-129/I-140 (DHS/USCIS) (04/06).....

March 28, 2006: H-1B Filing Begins on April 1, 2006 for FY 2007 (Oct. 1, 2006 - Sept. 30, 2007)

Over the past two years, the H-1B visa numbers have rapidly disappeared.  For applications subject to FY 2007 (H-1Bs commencing between Oct. 1, 2006 - Sept. 30, 2007), applications can be submitted on April 1, 2006 (however, H-1B employment cannot begin until Oct. 1, 2006).  It is expected that FY 2007 H-1B numbers will be met sometime between August and October of 2006.

Note: Oct. 1, 2006:  H-1B Employment Start Date
If the beneficiary of an H-1B application is in valid visa "status" on October 1, 2005, then the H-1B petitioner/employer can file a H-1B "change of status" application subject to the FY 2007 H-1B numerical limitation beginning on April 1, 2006.  (The beneficiary must be in "status" to request a "change of status," not just "authorized stay.")  However, even if the beneficiary is in status on April 1, 2006, if his/her status expires before October 1, 2006, then he/she may have to depart the United States.  The reason is that when filing a change of visa status application, the new visa "status" start-up date must be within the validity period of the visa "status" (at the time of filing).

Example: No Need to Depart the United States
1.  F-1 (OPT+60 days) visa "status" expires on October 1, 2006.
2.  File a "change of status" H-1B application (subject to the FY 2007 H-1B numerical limitation) on April 1, 2006.
In the application, request an H-1B employment start-up date of October 1, 2006 (cannot request earlier date because FY 2007 H-1B visas can only be issued on October 1, 2006).
3.  The beneficiary of this application does not have to depart the United States, because he/she will be able to "change status" in the United States.
Reason:  The beneficiary's F-1 visa "status" expires on October 1, 2006, and the requested H-1B visa "status" begins on October 1, 2006 -- there is no gap in the visa "status".

Example:  May Need to Depart the United States
1.  F-1 (OPT+60 days) expires on August 1, 2006.
2.  File a "change of status" H-1B application (subject to the FY 2007 H-1B numerical limitation) on April 1, 2006.
In the application, request an H-1B employment start-up date of October 1, 2006 (cannot request earlier date because FY 2007 H-1B visas can only be issued on October 1, 2006).
3.  The beneficiary of this application may have to depart the United States, because he/she will not be able to "change status" in the United States.
Reason:  The beneficiary's F-1 visa "status" expires on August 1, 2006, and the requested H-1B  visa "status" begins on October 1, 2006 -- there is a gap in the visa "status".

Note: "F" and "J" Holders' Visa "Status" Expiration Date
For "F" and "J" visa "status" holders, there is a grace period that is considered as valid "status."  For example, if the F-1 (OPT) work authorization expires on July 1, 2006, then, there is a a 60-day grace period.  In this case, the F-1 visa "status" will expire on September 1, 2006.

Several years ago, "F" and "J" visa "status" holders were provided with an extended "duration of status."  While this special extension did not provide employment authorization, it allowed "F" and "J" visa "status" holders to remain in the United States until October 1 in valid status and therefore "change status" to the H-1B visa category.  There has been NO announcement in regard to this special rule for FY 2007 as of January 2006.

Note: Cap-exempt H-1B visa applications can be applied at any time and can start before Oct. 1, 2006
H-1B applications that are not subject to the numerical limitation are not affected by the "visa cap" problem.  Therefore, cap-exempt H-1B employment start date can be on/before October 1, 2006.
Applications that are not subject to the cap are:
a)  H-1B extension application for the same H-1B employer/petitioner,
b)  H-1B change of H-1B employer/petitioner application (including extension at the same time), unless, the current/prior H-1B employer is/was (c), (d), or (e) below AND the new H-1B employer is not (c), (d) or (e) below.
c)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is an institution of higher education as defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965, section 101(a), 20 U.S.C. section 1001(a).
d)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is a nonprofit organization or entity related to or affiliated with an institution of higher education, as such institutions of higher education are defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965, section 101(a), 20 U.S.C. section 1001(a).
e)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is a nonprofit research organization or a governmental research organization, as defined in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(19)(iii)(C).
f)  The H-1B beneficiary/employee of the application is a J-1 nonimmigrant alien (graduate medical education or training pursuant to IAN 212(e)(iii)) who received a waiver of the 2-year foreign residency requirement described in section 214(l)(1)(B) of the Act (commonly referred to as the Conrad State 20 program).
g)  The H-1B beneficiary/employee has been previously granted status as an H-1B nonimmigrant in the past 6 years and not left the United States for more than a year after attaining such status,
h)  20,000 (limited to) foreign nationals with Masters and higher degrees from U.S. graduate schools (limited to 20,000 per fiscal year [for FY 2006, as of January 2006, there are only 600 remaining and available]).
Download: FY 2007 H-1B Visa Commencement Memo (DHS/USCIS) (03/06)....
Gov. Site: Official FY 2007 H-1B Visa Number Site (DHS/USCIS) (April 2006)press
Details: H-1B Visa "Cap" Numerical Limitation Section (H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Section)
Related(LINK): H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa
Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa.....

March 13, 2006: F and M Visa "Stickers" Issued 120 Days Prior to Academic Study

The Department of State clarifies that students may apply for the F-1, J-1 and M-1 nonimmigrant visa "sticker" issuance at the U.S. Consulate/Embassy  120 days prior to the commencement of academic study (previously 90 days).  This is not the same as when students are allowed to enter the United States.  Currently, F-1, J-1 and M-1 visa "sticker" holders may enter the U.S. 30 days before commencement of academic study (in the future, this may be changed to allow students to enter 45 days before commencing the academic program).
Download: F/M Visas Issued 120 Days Prior to Academic Study (DOS) (03/06).......

February 7, 2006: I-864 Affidavit of Support Submission With Initial Filing (Tax Return - 1 Year Only)

The I-485 Adjustment of Status is the process for applicants who are physically present in the United States and seeks issuance of Legal Permanent Resident "Green Card" status in the United States. Applying for Legal Permanent Resident "Green Card" status, based on a family relationship, is generally a 2-step process: (i) the I-130 Relative Petition and (ii) the application for an immigrant visa.  To file an I-485 Adjustment application, the -130 Relative Petition must be approved and its "priority date" current (priority date is based on the nature of the family relationship).  For a spouse of a U.S. Citizen, the priority date is current, and therefore, if the applicant is in the United States, the I-130 and the I-485 can be filed simultaneously.  No longer filed at District/Local USCIS offices, the application is filed with the National Benefits Center (NBC) under the Direct Filing Program.  After submission to the NBC, the applicant visits the local Application Support Center (ASC) and then attend an "adjustment of status" interview at the District/Local USCIS Office.  The US CIS needs to make a determination that the applicants' family (specifically, the foreign national spouse) will not become a "public charge".  In this regard, employment and financial documents, and Form I-864 (and I-864(A)) assures the USCIS that applicants are financially viable.  The USCIS will verify that the applicant's household income is above the annual Poverty Guideline (125%), by examining the current financial standing of the applicant's household income (W-2, employment verification letters, bank statements, assets).  Additionally, the Poverty Guideline must be met for three (3) years preceding the date of admission (adjustment of status interview).  In an Interoffice Memorandum, Michael Aytes, Acting Director for Domestic Operations, the USCIS policy has been amended so that (1) only one Federal Income Tax Return, for the tax year most recent as of the date the Form I-864 is signed is required, and (2) that such documents and the I-864 be submitted with initial filing.  The new policy applies to I-485 Adjustment of Status applications (family-based) submitted after December of 2005.
Download: I-864 Affidavit of Support Submission With Initial Filing (DHS/USCIS) (12/05)
Download: 2006 Poverty Guidelines (HHS) (01/06)
Details: Immigrant Visa "Green Card" / I-485 Adjustment of Statuspress
Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: I-485 Adjustment (Family) Visa Questionnaire...........

February 6, 2006: I-693 Medical Examination Submission With Initial Filing

The I-485 Adjustment of Status is the process for applicants who are physically present in the United States and seeks issuance of Legal Permanent Resident "Green Card" status in the United States. Applying for Legal Permanent Resident "Green Card" status, based on a family relationship, is generally a 2-step process: (i) the I-130 Relative Petition and (ii) the application for an immigrant visa.  To file an I-485 Adjustment application, the -130 Relative Petition must be approved and its "priority date" current (priority date is based on the nature of the family relationship).  For a spouse of a U.S. Citizen, the priority date is current, and therefore, if the applicant is in the United States, the I-130 and the I-485 can be filed simultaneously.  No longer filed at District/Local USCIS offices, the application is filed with the National Benefits Center (NBC) under the Direct Filing Program.  After submission to the NBC, the applicant visits the local Application Support Center (ASC) and then attend an "adjustment of status" interview at the District/Local USCIS Office.  The I-693 Medical Exam is required to be submitted, but the examination is only valid for 1-year.  Pending applications sometimes take 2 years until completion, and therefore, the medical exams -- in the past -- were not provided to the USCIS with the initial submission (because applicants would be forced to take another medical examination before the interview).
The USCIS reaffirms that the I-693 Medical Exam be submitted with the initial submission as it will extend the validity of the civil surgeon's endorsement on an I-693 Medical Exam until the time of adjudication/completion.
Download: I-693 Medical Examination Submission with Initial Filing (DHS/USCIS) (01/06)
Details: Immigrant Visa "Green Card" / I-485 Adjustment of Statuspress
Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: I-485 Adjustment (Family) Visa Questionnaire......

February 3, 2006: Interviews Waived for Certain Family-Based Adjustment of Status Cases

The I-485 Adjustment of Status is the process for applicants who are physically present in the United States and seeks issuance of Legal Permanent Resident "Green Card" status in the United States.  Applying for Legal Permanent Resident "Green Card" status, based on a family relationship, is generally a 2-step process: (i) the I-130 Relative Petition and (ii) the application for an immigrant visa.  To file an I-485 Adjustment application, the -130 Relative Petition must be approved and its "priority date" current (priority date is based on the nature of the family relationship).  For a spouse of a U.S. Citizen, the priority date is current, and therefore, if the applicant is in the United States, the I-130 and the I-485 can be filed simultaneously.  No longer filed at District/Local USCIS offices, the application is filed with the National Benefits Center (NBC) under the Direct Filing Program.  After submission to the NBC, the applicant visits the local Application Support Center (ASC) and then attends an "adjustment of status" interview at the District/Local USCIS Office.  However, as part of the backlog elimination efforts, certain pending I-485 cases are being transferred from the NBC to the Regional Service Center -- California Service Center (CSC) -- applications which are deemed to not require an in-person "adjustment of status" interview.  These applications, if no interview is required, will be adjudicated by the CSC (applicants will be notified by mail, from the NBC and the CSC, not by the District/Local USCIS Office).
Download: Transfer from NBC to CSC / Interviews Waived (DHS/USCIS) (12/05)
Download: MNA/ARIA Transfer from NBC to CSC / Interviews Waived (DHS/USCIS) (12/05)
Details: Immigrant Visa "Green Card" / I-485 Adjustment of Statuspress
Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: I-485 Adjustment (Family) Visa Questionnaire...


January 18, 2006: U.S. Master's Degree Holder's H-1B Visa "Cap" Reached

As directed by the H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004, the USCIS treats as exempt from the cap for any fiscal year the first 20,000 H-1B petitions reflecting an alien beneficiary with a U.S.-earned Master's or higher degree.  The US CIS announced that it has received enough H-1B petitions that qualify for the exemption from the FY 2006 (Oct. 1, 2005 - Sept. 30, 2006) H-1B numerical limitations for foreign workers with a U.S.-earned master’s or higher.  The final receipt date for the 20,000 cap-exempt H-1B petitions is January 16, 2006.  Applications received ON January 17, 2006 will be subject to a random selection (and those who are selected will be counted towards the FY2006 H-1B visa).

Note: Cap-exempt H-1B visa applications can be applied at any time and can start before Oct. 1, 2006
H-1B applications that are not subject to the numerical limitation are not affected by the "visa cap" problem.  Therefore, cap-exempt H-1B employment start date can be on/before October 1, 2006.
Applications that are not subject to the cap are:
a)  H-1B extension application for the same H-1B employer/petitioner,
b)  H-1B change of H-1B employer/petitioner application (including extension at the same time), unless, the current/prior H-1B employer is/was (c), (d), or (e) below AND the new H-1B employer is not (c), (d) or (e) below.
c)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is an institution of higher education as defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965, section 101(a), 20 U.S.C. section 1001(a).
d)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is a nonprofit organization or entity related to or affiliated with an institution of higher education, as such institutions of higher education are defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965, section 101(a), 20 U.S.C. section 1001(a).
e)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is a nonprofit research organization or a governmental research organization, as defined in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(19)(iii)(C).
f)  The H-1B beneficiary/employee of the application is a J-1 nonimmigrant alien (graduate medical education or training pursuant to IAN 212(e)(iii)) who received a waiver of the 2-year foreign residency requirement described in section 214(l)(1)(B) of the Act (commonly referred to as the Conrad State 20 program).
g)  The H-1B beneficiary/employee has been previously granted status as an H-1B nonimmigrant in the past 6 years and not left the United States for more than a year after attaining such status,
h)  20,000 (limited to) foreign nationals with Masters and higher degrees from U.S. graduate schools (limited to 20,000 per fiscal year [for FY 2006, as of January 2006, there are only 600 remaining and available]).
Download: Master's+ Degree FY2006 H-1B Visa Cap Reached (DHS/USCIS) (01/06)
Gov. Site: Official H-1B Visa Number Site (DHS/USCIS) (Jan. 2006)press
Details: H-1B VISA "CAP" (H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Section)
Details: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visapress
Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Questionnaire......



8January 17, 20068 H-1B Additional Periods (Keep Your Airline Tickets)

H-1B visas are generally valid for a total of six (6) years (generally, applied in three-year increments).  There are several ways to extend this 6-year limitation, and one is "recapturing" unused H-1B visa periods.  Recapturing is possible when an H-1B employee/beneficiary can demonstrate that he/she, during the H-1B visa validity period,  spent time outside the United States.  In the past, such time had to be considered as "meaningfully interruptive" (maternity leave, extended medical leave, long term details outside the United States).  Vacations and sick days were NOT considered meaningfully interruptive.
Note: New Rule
Any days (24 hour period) spent outside of the United States during the validity period of an H-1B (or L-1 petition) will not be counted toward the maximum period of stay in the United States in H-1B or L-1 status, provided that the beneficiary/employee is able to submit independent documentary evidence establishing that he or she was in fact physically outside of the United States during the day(s) for which the alien is seeking recapture (INA § 101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b) and INA § 101(a)(15)(L).).  Evidence can include copies of I-94 Arrival/Departure cards (small white card inside the passport, issued upon entry into the United States by the USCBP that indicate date of entry), entry notations by a foreign country in the passport (entry notations by the U.S. when entering the U.S.), and airline tickets.  000
Download: "H-1B Recapture" Clarification Memo (10/05) (US CIS)
Details: Additional H-1B Visa Periods (H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Section)
Details: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa000
Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa.

8January 12, 20068 H-1B Filing Begins on April 1, 2006 for FY 2007 (Oct. 1, 2006 - Sept. 30, 2007)

Over the past two years, the H-1B visa numbers have rapidly disappeared.  For applications subject to FY 2007 (H-1Bs commencing between Oct. 1, 2006 - Sept. 30, 2007), applications can be submitted on April 1, 2006 (however, H-1B employment cannot begin until Oct. 1, 2006).

Note: Oct. 1, 2006:  H-1B Employment Start Date
If the beneficiary of an H-1B application is in valid visa "status" on October 1, 2005, then the H-1B petitioner/employer can file a H-1B "change of status" application subject to the FY 2007 H-1B numerical limitation beginning on April 1, 2006.  (The beneficiary must be in "status" to request a "change of status," not just "authorized stay.")  However, even if the beneficiary is in status on April 1, 2006, if his/her status expires before October 1, 2006, then he/she may have to depart the United States.  The reason is that when filing a change of visa status application, the new visa "status" start-up date must be within the validity period of the visa "status" (at the time of filing).

Example: No Need to Depart the United States
1.  F-1 (OPT+60 days) visa "status" expires on October 1, 2006.
2.  File a "change of status" H-1B application (subject to the FY 2007 H-1B numerical limitation) on April 1, 2006.
In the application, request an H-1B employment start-up date of October 1, 2006 (cannot request earlier date because FY 2007 H-1B visas can only be issued on October 1, 2006).
3.  The beneficiary of this application does not have to depart the United States, because he/she will be able to "change status" in the United States.
Reason:  The beneficiary's F-1 visa "status" expires on October 1, 2006, and the requested H-1B visa "status" begins on October 1, 2006 -- there is no gap in the visa "status".

Example:  May Need to Depart the United States
1.  F-1 (OPT+60 days) expires on August 1, 2006.
2.  File a "change of status" H-1B application (subject to the FY 2007 H-1B numerical limitation) on April 1, 2006.
In the application, request an H-1B employment start-up date of October 1, 2006 (cannot request earlier date because FY 2007 H-1B visas can only be issued on October 1, 2006).
3.  The beneficiary of this application may have to depart the United States, because he/she will not be able to "change status" in the United States.
Reason:  The beneficiary's F-1 visa "status" expires on August 1, 2006, and the requested H-1B  visa "status" begins on October 1, 2006 -- there is a gap in the visa "status".

Note: "F" and "J" Holders' Visa "Status" Expiration Date
For "F" and "J" visa "status" holders, there is a grace period that is considered as valid "status."  For example, if the F-1 (OPT) work authorization expires on July 1, 2006, then, there is a a 60-day grace period.  In this case, the F-1 visa "status" will expire on September 1, 2006.

Several years ago, "F" and "J" visa "status" holders were provided with an extended "duration of status."  While this special extension did not provide employment authorization, it allowed "F" and "J" visa "status" holders to remain in the United States until October 1 in valid status and therefore "change status" to the H-1B visa category.  There has been NO announcement in regard to this special rule for FY 2007 as of January 2006.

Note: Cap-exempt H-1B visa applications can be applied at any time and can start before Oct. 1, 2006
H-1B applications that are not subject to the numerical limitation are not affected by the "visa cap" problem.  Therefore, cap-exempt H-1B employment start date can be on/before October 1, 2006.
Applications that are not subject to the cap are:
a)  H-1B extension application for the same H-1B employer/petitioner,
b)  H-1B change of H-1B employer/petitioner application (including extension at the same time), unless, the current/prior H-1B employer is/was (c), (d), or (e) below AND the new H-1B employer is not (c), (d) or (e) below.
c)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is an institution of higher education as defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965, section 101(a), 20 U.S.C. section 1001(a).
d)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is a nonprofit organization or entity related to or affiliated with an institution of higher education, as such institutions of higher education are defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965, section 101(a), 20 U.S.C. section 1001(a).
e)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is a nonprofit research organization or a governmental research organization, as defined in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(19)(iii)(C).
f)  The H-1B beneficiary/employee of the application is a J-1 nonimmigrant alien (graduate medical education or training pursuant to IAN 212(e)(iii)) who received a waiver of the 2-year foreign residency requirement described in section 214(l)(1)(B) of the Act (commonly referred to as the Conrad State 20 program).
g)  The H-1B beneficiary/employee has been previously granted status as an H-1B nonimmigrant in the past 6 years and not left the United States for more than a year after attaining such status,
h)  20,000 (limited to) foreign nationals with Masters and higher degrees from U.S. graduate schools (limited to 20,000 per fiscal year [for FY 2006, as of January 2006, there are only 600 remaining and available]).
Gov. Site: Official H-1B Visa Number Site (DHS/USCIS) (Jan. 2006)press
Details: H-1B Visa "Cap" Numerical Limitation Section (H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Section)
Related(LINK): H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa
Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa.

8January 5, 20068 U.S. Master's Degree Holder's H-1B Visa "Cap" Nearly Reached

As directed by the H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004, the USCIS treats as exempt from the cap for any fiscal year the first 20,000 H-1B petitions reflecting an alien beneficiary with a U.S.-earned Master's or higher degree.  As of January 2006, there are approximately 600 H-1B visas available for U.S. Master's Degree (or higher) holders for FY 2006 (Oct. 1, 2005 - Sept. 30, 2006).  Those who meet the criteria and seek the H-1B visa before September 30, 2006 need to apply immediately to qualify (those who seek H-1B visas to commence on/after October 1, 2006 can begin filing on April 1, 2006).

Note: Cap-exempt H-1B visa applications can be applied at any time and can start before Oct. 1, 2006
H-1B applications that are not subject to the numerical limitation are not affected by the "visa cap" problem.  Therefore, cap-exempt H-1B employment start date can be on/before October 1, 2006.
Applications that are not subject to the cap are:
a)  H-1B extension application for the same H-1B employer/petitioner,
b)  H-1B change of H-1B employer/petitioner application (including extension at the same time), unless, the current/prior H-1B employer is/was (c), (d), or (e) below AND the new H-1B employer is not (c), (d) or (e) below.
c)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is an institution of higher education as defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965, section 101(a), 20 U.S.C. section 1001(a).
d)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is a nonprofit organization or entity related to or affiliated with an institution of higher education, as such institutions of higher education are defined in the Higher Education Act of 1965, section 101(a), 20 U.S.C. section 1001(a).
e)  The H-1B petitioner/employer is a nonprofit research organization or a governmental research organization, as defined in 8 CFR 214.2(h)(19)(iii)(C).
f)  The H-1B beneficiary/employee of the application is a J-1 nonimmigrant alien (graduate medical education or training pursuant to IAN 212(e)(iii)) who received a waiver of the 2-year foreign residency requirement described in section 214(l)(1)(B) of the Act (commonly referred to as the Conrad State 20 program).
g)  The H-1B beneficiary/employee has been previously granted status as an H-1B nonimmigrant in the past 6 years and not left the United States for more than a year after attaining such status,
h)  20,000 (limited to) foreign nationals with Masters and higher degrees from U.S. graduate schools (limited to 20,000 per fiscal year [for FY 2006, as of January 2006, there are only 600 remaining and available]).
Gov. Site: Official H-1B Visa Number Site (DHS/USCIS) (Jan. 2006)press
Details: H-1B VISA "CAP" (H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Section)
Details: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visapress
Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Questionnaire.0




2005 Highlights

8
October 26, 20058 US VISIT Digital Photo Passport Requirement for VWP Travelers (October 26, 2005)

The DHS (Department of Homeland Security) implemented the "U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indication Technology (US VISIT)" system -- the use of biometric identification for foreign nationals entering/departing the United States.  This system requires from all foreign nationals a minimum of two biometric identifiers, such as digital photographs and fingerprints.  More importantly, the US VISIT system accesses immigration information about an individual's past/present entry, departure, and stay, and access criminal history (such as DWI and shoplifting) and other information stored in the government's databases.  During the past 2 years, implementation of the US VISIT for entry and departure have been implemented.
"Biometric Entry" Entry/Inspection Information Collection
This system requires from a majority of foreign nationals a minimum of two biometric identifiers upon entry/admission to the United States at the POE (port-of-entry):  digital photographs and digital fingerprints.
"Biometric Exit" Exit Information Collection
"Biometric exit" is similar to the biometric entry/inspection system and requires the foreign national, at the time of departure, to provide a minimum of two biometric identifiers:  digital photographs and digital fingerprints.  Currently, three methods/types of "biometric exit" system are utilized/contemplated:  at a self-service "kiosk (ATM)", "handheld scanning by WSA (Work Station Attendants)," or a combination of both.  Regardless, it appears that printed receipts, obtained through the kiosk and/or WSA may be required to be presented at the gate before boarding.
VWP (Visa Waiver Program) Travelers - Digital Photo Passport Requirement
Travelers who are not required to obtain a "visa sticker" at a U.S. Embassy/Consulate, such as visitors using the VWP (Visa Waiver Program) are strictly required to undergo US VISIT entry/exit inspection as they are not subject to background checks that accompany the "visa sticker" issuance process at the U.S. Embassy/Consulate.
As of June 26, 2005, VWP travelers are required to have MRP (machine-readable passports).
As of October 26, 2005, VWP travelers are required to have MRP (machine-readable passports) that include a digital facial photo (unless passport is MRP and was issued prior to October 26, 2005).
A VWP Traveler who do not meet the above requirements are required to obtain a "visa sticker" (such as the B-1/2) at the U.S. Embassy/Consulate and will not be able to enter the United States under the VWP.  (The following 27 countries are currently in the VWP:  Andorra, Austria, Australia, Belgium, Brunei, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (including citizens with the unrestricted right of permanent abode in England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man).)
As of October 26, 2006, VWP travelers are required to have "e-Passports."  An e-/biometric-Passport has a "biometric" or a "biometric identifier" (an objective measurement of a physical characteristic of an individual) which, when captured in a database, can be used to verify identity or check against other entries in the database.  The best known biometric is the fingerprint, but others include facial recognition and iris scans.  The standard determined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) utilizes facial recognition technology and stores it on a contactless chip embedded in the passport.  Exceptions will be allowed for individuals who have a MRP passport that was issued prior to October 26, 2005 and to those who have a MRP passport with a digital facial photo if issued between October 26, 2005 and October 26, 2006.
Download: US VISIT & VWP Passport Requirements (DHS) (10/2005)
Gov. Site: US VISIT Site (10/2005) (DHS)
Details/Topic: "US VISIT" System
Details/Topic: Database of Foreign Nationals
Related(LINK): Entry/Admission & Inadmissibility Bars...
8October 26, 20058 US CIS Announces Fee Increase (October 26, 2005)

The US CIS announced a revised fee structure for immigration benefits applications.  The new fee structure becomes effective on October 26, 2005 and will add an average of $10.00 to each application and petition in order to account for inflation.
Download: Filing Fee Increase: Press Release and Chart (DHS/USCIS, FR) (09/26/2005)..

8September 13, 20058 State-by-State Summary of State Laws on Driver's License (CRS Report)
The CRS (Congressional Research Service) has provided an updated report that provides state-by-state summary of state laws on the issuance of driver's licenses to foreign nationals (the CRS provides nonpartisan research, analysis, and information to Members of Congress).  The summary of this document states:  "The final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission), issued on July 22, 2004, states that 'today more than 9 million people are in the United States outside the legal immigration system.'  As such, the 9/11 Commission recommended that standards be set for the 'issuance of birth certificates and sources of identification, such as driver's licenses,' as 'all but one of the 9/11 hijackers acquired some form of U.S. identification document, some by fraud. Acquisition of these forms of identification would have assisted them in boarding commercial flights, renting cars, and other necessary activities.' The REAL ID Act of 2005 was signed into law (P.L. 109-13) on May 11, 2005 which, among other things establishes standards for the issuance of drivers’ licenses and identification cards. Past events have prompted a series of questions and debate concerning states’ issuance of driver's licenses to illegal aliens. Proponents contend that allowing illegal immigrants to obtain driver's licenses is a matter of public safety. Licensed drivers know the rules of the road and can buy insurance, thus making streets safer for everyone. Conversely, opponents argue that allowing illegal immigrants to obtain driver's licenses compromises national security. Moreover, opponents contend that permitting illegal aliens to obtain driver's licenses encourages such individuals to remain in the United States illegally. Thus, opponents contend that illegal immigrants should not be rewarded with such privileges. This report will briefly summarize the policy arguments related to states’ issuance of driver's licenses to undocumented or illegal aliens. In addition, this report includes a state-by-state summary of the state laws on issuing licenses to immigrants.
Download: CRS Report:  Summary on Driver's License Requirements, State-by-State (CRS) (09/13/2005)
Gov. Site: Congressional Research Service (CRS)
Details/Topic: Immigration News:  Agencies & Policies..
8July 2, 20058 AC21 105 Allows "Bridging" For H-1B "Portability" Applications

To file for a change or extension of nonimmigrant status, the beneficiary must normally be in valid "status" and not simply "authorized stay."  The visa "status" is the validity of the I-94 Arrival/Departure card, and if an application is filed timely during a valid visa "status," the beneficiary of the application is granted "authorized stay" while the application is pending.  Authorized stay is different from status, and while the beneficiary can remain in the United States (and also work in some instances, such as under AC21 105 H-1B "Portability,") the beneficiary cannot use the period of "authorized" stay to create a "bridge" to file additional applications while remaining in the United States.  However, according to a recent US CIS (INS) memorandum, specific to AC21 H-1B 105 "Portability," multiple H-1B applications can be filed as long as the beneficiary has "authorized stay."  For example, if  Employer A timely files a non-frivolous extension of a beneficiary's H-1B status under the AC21 H-1B 105, and the beneficiary's H-1B I-94 visa "status" expires, the beneficiary continues to have "authorized stay" and can remain in the U.S. and work for Employer A.  (Porting under INA §214 does not require that the alien currently be in H-1B status as long as he or she is in a “period of stay authorized by the Attorney General.")
Download: AC21 Interoffice Memorandum [US CIS] [05/05]
Details: AC21 H-1B Employer "Portability"
Details: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visapress
Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Questionnaire.press

8June 16, 2005: Immigrant Visa Retrogression:  All Nationalities/Third Preference
The July 2005 Visa Bulletin shows a retrogression to "Unavailable" for employment-based third preference for all nationalities, as well as retrogression in the family-based preferences for Mexico.  Beginning July 1, 2005 and until immigrant visas become available for employment-based third preference categories, affected applicants will not be able to file Form I-485 or concurrently file Form I-140 and Form I-485 unless an immigrant visa number becomes available.  The third preference category for employment-based applications are for Skilled Workers, Professionals, and Other Workers and is 28.6% of the worldwide level, plus any numbers not required by first and second preferences, not more than 10,000 of which to Other Workers.  Family-sponsored and employment-based preference visas are issued to eligible immigrants in the order in which a petition in behalf of each has been filed (spouses and children of preference immigrants are entitled to the same status, and the same order of consideration, if accompanying or following to join the principal).  The cut-off date for an oversubscribed category is the priority date of the first applicant who could not be reached within the numerical limits.  Only applicants who have a priority date earlier than the cut-off date may be allotted a number.  Applicants who file for I-485 adjustment of status in the employment-based third preference before July 1, 2005 (other than those from mainland China, India and the Philippines) will have a priority date earlier than the cut-off date and will be allotted a number.
Download: Retrogression/Third Preference Category (Visa Bulletin/DOS) (7/2005)
i8Details: Concurrent Filing of I-140 and I-485 (Immigrant Visa/Employment-Based)
Related Topic:
8December 29, 2005 13, 20058 Immigrant Visa Retrogression:  China, India, Philippines
As a result of the immigrant visa regression, beginning on January 1, 2005, and until further notice, affected applicants from mainland China, India, and the Philippines will not be able to file Form I-485 or concurrently file Form I-140 and Form I-485 unless an immigrant visa number is available, pursuant to the Visa Bulletin.  There is an annual minimum family-sponsored preference limit of 226,000. The worldwide level for annual employment-based preference immigrants is at least 140,000.  Family-sponsored and employment-based preference visas are issued to eligible immigrants in the order in which a petition in behalf of each has been filed (spouses and children of preference immigrants are entitled to the same status, and the same order of consideration, if accompanying or following to join the principal).  The visa prorating provisions of Section 202(e) apply to allocations for a foreign state or dependent area when visa demand exceeds the per-country limit.  These provisions apply at present to the following oversubscribed chargeability areas: mainland China, India, and the Philippines.
Download: Concurrent Filing Memo (Regression/Country Specific) (US CIS/DHS) (12/2004)
i8Details: Concurrent Filing of I-140 and I-485 (Immigrant Visa/Employment-Based)press

8June 13, 20058 AC21 104(c) H-11B Periods (Beyond Initial 6-Year Limitation)
There are three ways to obtain additional H-1B periods beyond the initial 6-year limitation.  One type is the AC21 104(c) "One-Time" H-1B Extension, where extensions beyond the normal six (6) year are available to H-1B holders with approved I-140 immigrant preference visa applications who suffer from "per country limits" and cannot file I-485 "adjustment of status" applications or process for Consular Processing abroad.  Such H-1B visa holders may file to extend H-1B status in 3-year increments until the I-485 adjustment application can be processed.  The US CIS has clarified that while this provision is known as the "one-time" extension, H-1B holders in this situation can extend as necessary, and contrary to the AC 106(a) [see below] which allows extension in 1-year increments, 3-years can be requested.
Download: AC21 104(c) H-1B "One-Time" Extension Clarification Memo (05/05) (US CIS)
i8Details: Additional H-1B Visa Periods (H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Section)
i8Details: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa
i8Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visapres
8June 12, 20058 AC21 106(a) H-1B Periods (Beyond Initial 6-Year Limitation)

There are three ways to obtain additional H-1B periods beyond the initial 6-year limitation.  One type is the AC21 106(a) "Filed LCA" H-1B Extension, where 1-year extension requests can be made as long as the H-1B beneficiary can benefit from any application for (a) a labor certification that has been pending for 365 days or more, or (b) I-140 immigrant petition that has been pending for 365 days or more.  The recent memorandum clarifies when a beneficiary can file an "early" and/or "combined" 7th year H-1B extension.
"Early" Extension Application:  A beneficiary is eligible for as long as either the qualifying labor certification application or I-140 petition has or will have been pending for at least 365 days prior to the beneficiary's requested start date, regardless of whether the H-1B extension application is filed prior to the passage of such period.  (Note:  If the beneficiary would no longer be in H-1B status at the time that 365 days from the filing of the labor certification application or immigrant petition has run, thus leaving a gap in valid status, then the extension of stay request cannot be granted.)
"Combined" Extension Application:  The beneficiary should be in valid H-1B status when filing for the extension that is normally made in 1-year increments.  However, a "combined" submission that will include a normal H-1B extension request and the 1-year extension can be made at the same time (request for any remaining time left in the initial 6-year period and the 1-year extension).
"Substitution" Extension Application:  LCAs are filed for a beneficiary, but the petitioner/employer can use a filed LCA for a different beneficiary (substitution).
Download: AC21 106(a) H-1B 7th Yr. Extension Clarification Memo (05/05) (US CIS)
i8Details: Additional H-1B Periods (including AC21) (H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Section)
i8Details: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa
i8Contact Our Firm/Download Questionnaire: H-1B Nonimmigrant Visapres
8June 6, 20058 L-1 Visa Reform Act / Increase in Fees & Limitations

L-1 visas are designed to transfer executives or managers (L-1A) or employees with specialized knowledge (L-1B) within an international organization to its U.S.-based operation.  L-1 visa holders may be admitted for up to a maximum initial period of 3 years (1 year for a new office situation).  L visas may be extended in 2 year increments, with a total maximum period of 7 years for L-1A executives and managers and 5 years for L-1B specialized knowledge personnel.
President Bush, on December 8, 2004, signed the L-1 Visa Reform Act that requires of a new "fraud detection and prevention" fee of $500.00 all initial L visa applications (extensions or amendments for the same L visa US employer are exempt).  The fee requirement is effective on March 8, 2004.  The $500 fee does not need to be submitted by: 1) employers who seek to extend a current H-1B or L alien’s status where such an extension does not involve a change of employers; 2) employers who are seeking H-1B1, Chile-Singapore Free Trade Act nonimmigrants; or 3) dependents of H-1B or L principal beneficiaries.
The L-1 Visa Reform Act also amends previous legislation by requiring all L-1 temporary workers -- including the "blanket L" -- to have worked for a period of no less than one (1) year outside the United States for an employer with a qualifying relationship to the US Employer.  This change applies to petitions for initial L-1 classification filed with US CIS on/after June 6, 2005.
The L-1 Visa Reform Act also addresses the issue of “outsourcing.”  L-1B temporary workers can no longer work primarily at a worksite other than their petitioning employer if the work will be controlled and supervised by a different employer or if the offsite arrangement is essentially to provide labor for hire, rather than service related to the specialized knowledge of the petitioning employer.  This limitation will apply to all L-1B petitions filed with US CIS on/after June 6, 2005, and includes extensions and amendments involving individuals currently in L-1 status.
Download: L-1 Visa Reform Act (US CIS) (06/2005)
Download: L-1 Visa Reform Act (US CIS) (12/2004)
Related(LINK): L-1 Nonimmigrant Visapres
8June 1, 20058 All I-90 "Green Card" To Be Filed at Los Angeles Lockbox...

As of May 31, 2005 aliens must mail applications to renew or replace Permanent Resident Cards, commonly known as “green cards,” directly to the Los Angeles Lockbox. The Lockbox is a processing facility used by USCIS to accelerate the collection of applications and petitions.  This change allows USCIS to improve the processing of Form I-90 (Application to Replace Permanent Resident Card) by electronically capturing data and images and by performing fee receipting and depositing from one central location, rather than at the local District Office, Service Center, or Application Support Center (ASC).  On and after May 31st, aliens filing a Form I-90, regardless of their state of residence, must mail those applications with an application fee of $185 and a biometrics fee of $70 to the Los Angeles Lockbox.
Download: Los Angeles Lockbox (US CIS) (06/2005)
Related(LINK): Maintaining LPR "Green Card" Status (Naturalization/Citizenship Section)press

8May 15, 20058 E-3 Visas for Australian Nationals (Spouses Eligible for Work Authorization)...
On May 11, President Bush signed into law H.R. 1268, the "Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief, 2005."  Provisions included a new E-3 Professional Visa for Australian nationals.  While no implementation date has been set forth, the E-3 visa is similar to the H-1B professional visa, it is renewable in 5 year increments (no limitation on renewals) and spouses of E-3 holders are granted work authorization.  Compared to the H-1B that suffers from numerical limitation, high filing fees, and 6-year maximum period (except in certain circumstances), the E-3 may be very advantageous to nationals of Australia and their spouses.
The E-3 is:
(a) limited to 10,500 per fiscal year,
(b) E-3 petitioners/employers must file a ETA-9035 LCA (used for H-1Bs) and provide the higher of the actual/prevailing wage,
(c) file for a position that is a "specialty occupation" (identical to the H-1B "specialty occupation"),
(d) E-3 visa holder will be provided 2-year duration of stay per entry (but the visa is valid for 5 years),
(e) E-3 spouses are provided work authorization, and
(f) the E-3 can be renewed indefinitely.
The US CIS and the DOS will announce the rules in the future when filing can begin.
Download: E-3 Visa (HR 1268 [E-3 section only]) (05/11/2005)pre
8May 1, 20058 US CIS RFE (Request for Evidence) Issuance / US CIS Guidance Memorandum

Applications filed with the US CIS may result in an RFE (Request for Evidence) for many reasons, including determination errors (or other errors) by the US CIS.  At the same time, RFEs allow applicants who filed the application to provide additional information, clarification, documents, etc., that can address the concerns and questions raised by the US CIS (including, responding to incorrect determinations or reviews).
In April of 2004, the US CIS issued a guidance memorandum that curtailed the issuance of RFEs and allowed officers to deny an application without providing the applicant the opportunity to address specific and/or general concerns and questions raised by the US CIS.
The April 2004 memorandum caused unwarranted, peremptory denials by the US CIS.
In April of 2005, a new memorandum was issued -- rescinding the Draconian and arbitrary guidelines issued a year before -- and appropriate issuance of RFE by the US CIS have resumed.  The memorandum provides guidance to US CIS Officers:  Approvals should be granted when the application has a "preponderance of evidence" (to meet the criteria of a particular application); Denials should be issued when there is "evidence of clear ineligibility" (for example, an E-1/2 Treaty Application where these is no treaty, etc.); RFEs are issued when there is missing information/evidence (or clarification helpful).  If the officer feels that a response to an RFE would not suffice, then a NOID (Notice of Intent to Deny) will be issued (affording the applicant an opportunity).
Download: NEW "RFE (Request for Evidence) Issuance" Guidance Memo (US CIS/DHS) (04/2005)
Download: OLD "RFE (Request for Evidence) Issuance" Guidance Memo (US CIS/DHS) (04/2004)
Related(LINK): Nonimmigrant Visa Section000pre

8April 15, 20058Correcting Visa "Status (I-94)" Information
The I-94 Arrival/Departure Record card is issued upon admission into the United States at a Port-Of-Entry (POE) by the US CBP (Customs & Border Protection), or within the United States by the US CIS (Citizenship & Immigration Service) with Approval Notice I-797A (if extentions/change of visa "status" is filed and approved.)  Once a nonimmigrant foreign national is in the United States, the I-94 Arrival/Departure Record card documents the individual's visa "status," category of admission, and duration of stay.
Errors in the I-94 Arrival/Departure Record card (category of admission, status and duration of stay) can impact the foreign national during his/her stay in the United States, and also in the future.  (The I-94 departure section must be provided when leaving the United States.)
With the implementation of the US VISIT system (biometric tracking of arrival/departure/stay/conduct of foreign nationals in the United States), and the commencement of the US VISIT "exit" procedure, it is even more important to make sure that information contained in the I-94 Arrival/Departure Record card is accurate.

An April 2005 Memorandum from the US CBP (Customs & Border Protection) informs that corrections for I-94 issued at a Port-Of-Entry (POE) can be requested at the actual US CBP POE or at a Local/District "Deferred Inspection" Department of the US CBP Office nearest to the foreign national's final destination.
Download: US CBP Correcting I-94s Issued at POE (04/2005) (US CBP/DHS)
i8Gov. Site: US CBP Port-Of-Entry (POE) Office Locations (04/2005) (US CBP/DHS)
i8Gov. Site: US CBP Local/District "Def. Inspec." Office Locations (04/2005) (US CBP/DHS)
Download: US CBP Local/District Office List (05/2004) (US CBP/DHS)

Correction for I-94 errors for I-94 cards issued by the US CIS (Citizenship & Immigration Service) for example, issued by the Regional US CIS Service Center with an approved I-797A extension/change of visa "status" application] can be requested at the Local/District US CIS Office.  (However, if the Local/District US CIS Office cannot make a determination/correction, then the foreign national will need to file Form I-102 with the Regional US CIS Service Center.)
Download: US CIS Correcting I-94s Issued With I-797 (03/2004) (US CIS/DHS)

If there are concerns relating to the collected/retained information in the US VISIT system, a redress/amend request can be either faxed and/or mailed to the DHS.
Download: US VISIT Redress/Amend Fact Sheet (06/2004) (DHS)
i8Gov. Site: US VISIT Redress/Amend Information (06/2004) (DHS)
i8Gov. Site: US VISIT Site (06/2004) (DHS)


Related Topics:
VWP ("No Visa") Travelers Who Have Overstayed:
VWP (Visa Waiver Program) nationals may visit the United States temporarily, even without a visa "sticker."  While no change of status or no extension of stay is allowed, those individuals of participating VWP countries who have B-1 or B-2 intent, and who wish to enter the U.S. for less than three (3) months, can enter the U.S. without a visa "sticker" (issued by the Dept. of States).  As of October 26, 2004, VWP travelers must be in possession of a MRP (Machine-Readable Passport).  In the future, the traveler will also be required to have a MRP passport with biometric identifiers.  (Currently, while many may have a MRP passport, the biometric information is not included.  Therefore, as of September 30, 2004 US VISIT biometric entry inspection will be required for visitors entering the United States with the VWP (Visa Waiver Program) so that confirmation and collection of biometric information can be made).
Currently, if a VWP traveler has overstayed a previous visit to the United States under the VWP program, the foreign national is subject to detention, handcuffing and is denied entry into the United States.
However, Commissioner Bonner of the US CBP (Customs and Border Protection) announced in August 2004 that CBP officers will have discretion to grant no-risk travelers who overstayed under the VWP on a prior visit a one-time parole.  Commissioner Bonner stated:  "U.S. Customs and Border Protection is a law enforcement agency, but enforcement must always be tempered with common sense. If individuals are not a potential terrorist threat or criminal threat; nor are likely to contribute to the illegal population, and the overstay was short and inadvertent or for reasons beyond the applicant's control, CBP officers and supervisors have the authority to parole them into the U.S..."
CPB officers are now given discretion in the field to parole those who pose no risk for terrorism, criminality, or those who will become economic migrants.
Download: VWP Overstay / One-Time Parole (08/04) (DHS/US CBP)
i8Details: Nonimmigrant Visa (VWP section)
i8Details/Topic: "US VISIT" System
i8Details/Topic: Database of Foreign Nationals
Related(LINK): Entry/Admission & Inadmissibility Bars

Not Subject to US VISIT:
1.  Legal Permanent Residents "Green Card" Holders and Canadian Nationals are subject to the US VISIT system, but will be waived initially.
2.  Additionally, the Federal Register, published on January 5, 2004, delineates individuals who are currently not subject to US VISIT.  Individuals who are not subject includes:  individuals who are entering the United States via the VWP (Visa Waiver Program) until September 30, 2004 (unless the individual has an MRP passport and "biometric information" in compliance with ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), children under the age of 14, adults over the age of 79, etc. (See below; DHS announcement, April 2, 2004.)  Important:  Machine-readability and biometrics are not the same thing.  A machine-readable passport is one that can be "read" mechanically when swiped th
3.  Also, the DHS' Press Release on March 19, 2004 indicates that Mexican nationals who hold a Border Crossing Card (BCC) are not subject to US VISIT during primary inspection inasmuch as their biometric data (fingerscans and photographs) is captured during the BCC issuance process. However, by the end of 2004, as the next phase of US VISIT is implemented at southern land ports of entry, if a Mexican citizen chooses to use the BCC as a B1/B2 visa (traveling outside the "border zone" and/or staying longer than 72 hours in the U.S.), he/she will undergo US-VISIT at the land border secondary inspection areas.  While most Canadian Nationals are exempt, Canadian citizens who are required to obtain a visa in order to be admitted to the United States will require US VISIT.
The General Accounting Office (GAO) is the audit, evaluation, and investigative arm of Congress; it exists to support the Congress in meeting its Constitutional responsibilities and to help improve the performance and ensure the accountability of the federal government.  GAO examines the use of public funds, evaluates federal programs and activities, and provides analyses, options, recommendations, and other assistance to help the Congress make effective oversight, policy, and funding decisions.  The GAO has published GAO-04-82, a report entitled:  "OVERSTAY TRACKING:  A Key Component of Homeland Security and a Layered Defense."


Download: GAO Report "OVERSTAY TRACKING" GAO-04-82 (05/04) (GAO)
i8Details/Topic: "US VISIT" System
i8Details/Topic: Database of Foreign Nationals
Related(LINK): Entry/Admission & Inadmissibility Bars
i8Details: Visa "Status" Validity (Duration of Status):  I-94 Arrival/Departure Card (Nonimmigrant Visa Section)
i8Details: Entry/Admission & Inadmissibility Bars
Related(LINK): Nonimmigrant Visa Section
i8Details/Topic: "US VISIT" System
i8Details/Topic: Database of Foreign Nationals..pre
8Feb. 22, 20058 245(i) "Alien-Based" Reading:  Unlawful Presence & Penalties (Inadmissibility)

Unlawful presence in the United States can affect an applicant in many different ways.  The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRAIRA) created the "3/10- year inadmissibility" bars for individuals who are unlawfully present in the United States.  The overall consequence of being "unlawfully present" are:
1.  If in the U.S., and applying for a nonimmigrant visa, prohibit an applicant from changing and/or extending status in the United States.
2.  If outside the U.S., prohibit an applicant from obtaining a visa (nonimmigrant OR immigrant) at the U.S. Consulate/Embassy.
3.  If in the U.S., and applying for an immigrant visa "green card," prohibit an applicant from adjusting status (I-485) in the United States ("bar to adjustment").
Certain individuals with "unlawful presence" subject to the 3/10 year inadmissibility bar can continue with an I-485 adjustment of status application, in the United States, by using 245(i) and/or the LIFE Act.  The "alien-based" reading of 245(i) and the LIFE Act allows an individual to file an I-485 adjustment of status application (in the United States), if he/she:
1)  has been a beneficiary of an I-130 relative application, filed before April 30, 2001, or
2)  has filed for an I-485 adjustment of status application, before April 30, 2001, or
3)  has been a beneficiary of an ETA-750 labor certification application, filed before April 30, 2001, or
4)  has filed an I-140 immigrant preference application, before April 30, 2001, or
5)  was/is/will be the derivative spouse or child of the individual in (1)-(4) above (some restrictions apply).
The "alien-based" interpretation of 245(i) and the LIFE Act means that applications filed before April 30, 2001 [see (1)-(4) above] do not have to be approved.  For example, if application ABC was filed before April 30, 2001, and it is denied, the individual can still "qualify" for a future I-485 adjustment of status application based on a subsequent application XYZ.  In fact, the application ABC could have been denied or withdrawn.  The requirement, however, is that the application had to be "approvable when filed."  ["Alien-based" reading, as discussed in April 14, 1999 and June 10, 1999 Memorandums by Robert L. Bach, the INS Executive Associate Commissioner of the Office of Policy and Programs.]
However, in December 2003, an official statement by the US CIS (although addressing 245(i) in a different context), seems to limit this "alien-based" interpretation of 245(i).  According to this statement, it appears that if 245(i) is used for an I-485 adjustment of status application (final step for the immigrant "green card" application), and if it is "properly denied" by the US CIS then, thereafter, 245(i) can no longer be used for subsequent adjustment of status applications.  If the I-485 adjustment of status application is withdrawn prior to a denial by the US CIS, then, 245(i) may be used subsequently.  In the context of (1)-(5) above, based on this, if 245(i) is used under situation (2), then severe limitations on the 'alien-based' interpretation of 245(i) will occur if the application is denied by the US CIS.
In October of 2004, an unofficial statement by the US CIS allows the use of 245(i) by a foreign national, even if his/her I-485 adjustment application is denied:
(1) The US CIS states that it views 245(i) "broadly," and the one-time adjustment rule means only that once a foreign national has been granted adjustment pursuant to a 245(i) petition he/she cannot later use 245(i) again -- should he/she lose the legal permanent resident status for some reason (e.g., abandonment, commission of a removable criminal offense).
(2) Furthermore, the US CIS also interprets 245(i) as permitting subsequently acquired derivatives to be grandfathered, and subsequently disconnected derivatives did not lose their 245(i) grandfathering by virtue of being disconnected. Should an individual file an application under 245(i), but that application is denied, the individual may still be eligible and grandfathered for 245(i) adjustment, as long as he/she was not already adjusted under 245(i) at any time.
i8Details: Entry/Admission & Inadmissibility Penalties
i8Details: U.S. Entry Violations & Unlawful Presence (Inadmissibility Section)
i8Details: Waivers (Not Subject to Bar/Penalty Situation) (Inadmissibility Section)..pres

8January 10, 20058 PERM LCA (March 28, 2005)
The new LCA (labor certification application) program called "PERM (Program Electronic Review Management) System/Program" is an on-line electronic type of filing the LCA.  PERM is an attestation and audit system where a petitioner/employer seeking permanent labor certification conduct advertising and recruitment prior to filing the LCA.  PERM LCAs are expected to take 45 to 60 days to adjudicate (in contrast to the multi-year process for the Standard/Traditional- and RIR-type LCAs).  Some applications will be selected for auditing by the DOL (Department of Labor), either randomly or because responses to certain questions on the application trigger a need for additional information.  When an application is selected for a DOL audit, additional and supervised recruitment may become necessary.
Important:Once PERM is implemented on ~ March 28, 2005~, current Standard/Traditional and RIR applications will not be accepted.  Therefore, after publication but before implementation, applicants may need to file a LCA application under Standard/Traditional or RIR, depending on the situation/case/application.  Each program has different procedural/substantive requirements, and some applicants may find the currently existing two programs more advantageous compared to PERM.  (Even after the implementation of PERM, applications previously filed under Standard/Traditional or RIR will be adjudicated according to each program's guidelines.)
i8Details: LCA:  PERM Program (March 28, 2005)
i8LCA/PERM Chart LCA: Procedural Differences (Standard/Traditional, RIR & PERM)
i8LCA/PERM Chart LCA: Substantive Differences (Standard/Traditional, RIR & PERM)
i8LCA/PERM Chart Minimum Requirement (Job/Position) Reference Materials (Standard/Traditional, RIR & PERM)
i8LCA/PERM Chart SVP, Job Zone and E&TC Codes (Standard/Traditional, RIR & PERM)
i8Backlog Reduction for "RIR" and "Standard/Traditional" LCAs Backlog Reduction...
LCA: PROCEDURAL DIFFERENCES (STANDARD/TRADITIONAL, RIR & PERM) 
..
PERM
(Begins March 28, 2005)
Standard/Traditional
(Filing ends March 27, 2005)
RIR (Reduction in Recruitment)
(Filing ends March 27, 2005)
1.  Obtain a PWD (prevailing wage determination) from the SWA (state workforce agency) for the job offer, in the state where the beneficiary/employee would be employed.

Note: PWD is valid for 90 days to 1 year, depending on the SWA (but note below when recruitment must take place). 

1.  File LCA with the DOL. 1.  Conduct "unsupervised" advertisement/recruitment for approx. 6 months (and within 6 months prior to filing) for the job offer.

Note:  If prior advertisement/recruitment for closely related or similar position, use of prior recruitment is possible -- and recruitment period can be shortened.

2.  Conduct "unsupervised" advertisement/recruitment for the job offer (commensurate with the PWD for the job offer).

Note: Recruitment must begin within the validity of the PWD (some types of recruitment must take place at least 30 days but not more than 180 days of the filing of the LCA, but there are exceptions).

2.  Wait to advertise (under supervision of DOL). At this stage, the DOL can request amendments to the job offer stated in the LCA.

Note: The DOL may take several years to contact the petitioner/employer in regard to advertisement/recruitment.

2.  File the LCA with the DOL with the recruitment campaign results ("recruitment report").
3.  File the LCA (that includes information of the results of the recruitment through "attestations") using Form ETA-9089 via electronic format (on-line) to the DOL.

Note:  Documentation of the recruitment ("recruitment report") is not submitted but must be kept for at least 5 years.

3.  Conduct "supervised" recruitment that lasts 30 days (total recruitment period is 45 days). 3.  The DOL certifies or denies the application.  (The DOL can request amendments to the job offer in the filed LCA and also request additional/"supervised" recruitment.)
(See "RIR Recent Developments.")

Note: The DOL may take several months - years before reviewing the LCA.

4.  Review by the DOL, which will certify the application or request an "audit" of the records and information relating to the recruitment campaign. 

Note: The DOL expects to take 45-60 days to certify the application or request an "audit."  Auditing by the DOL is either random or because responses to certain questions on the LCA will trigger a need for additional information or supervised recruitment. 

4.  Submit recruitment campaign results.  The DOL certifies or denies the application. ...
... ... Note:  Regulations at § 656.21(i) preclude the use of the RIR process for Schedule B occupations. The occupations on Schedule B are defined in the regulations at § 656.11. If the job opportunity being requested is in an occupation that is found in that section, then the job requested is on Schedule B and is not eligible for RIR processing.

Schedule B occupations include:  assemblers, bartenders, caretakers, chauffeurs, cleaners, clerks, groundskeepers, janitors, housekeepers, receptionists, sales clerks, telephone operators, yard workers, etc.

(See "Schedule B Occupations.")

...
LCA: SUBSTANTIVE DIFFERENCES (STANDARD/TRADITIONAL, RIR & PERM)

..
.... PERM
(Begins March 28, 2005)
Standard/Traditional
(Filing ends March 27, 2005)
RIR (Reduction in Recruitment)
(Filing ends March 27, 2005)
Time (State/Regional Differences) 45 - 60 days (does not include 6 month recruitment period).
Note:  If there is a DOL audit, then additional process and time will be required.
(See "PERM Program.")
Months - Many Years (includes recruitment period). Months - Years (does not include 6 months recruitment period).
Advertisement The DOL does not supervise advertisement language or recruitment.
Note:  Depending on "professional" or non-professional occupation job offer, advertisement and recruitment methods vary. 

Note:  Salary normally not stated in advertisement but must be included in "on-site/in-house" posting.

Note:  If there is a DOL audit, then additional supervised recruitment may be required).


(See "PERM Program.")
The DOL supervises advertisement language and recruitment.
Note:  Minimum 3 published advertisements and on-site job posting notice.

Note:  Normally state salary being offered in advertisement.

The DOL does not supervise advertisement language or recruitment.
Note:  1-3 published advertisements, recruiters, internet, word-of-mouth, on-site job posting notice, etc.

Note:  Salary normally not stated in advertisement.


(See "RIR Recent Developments.")
Recruitment Period 6 months.
Note:  Depending on "professional" or non-professional occupation job offer, advertisement and recruitment methods vary. 

Note: Interested job seekers send resumes directly to petitioner/employer.

Note:  If there is a DOL audit, then additional supervised recruitment may be required).


(See "PERM Program.")
30 days (total recruitment campaign period is 45 days).
Note:  Interested job seekers send resumes to the DOL.
6 months (if prior advertisement/ recruitment, may be shortened). 
Note: Interested job seekers send resumes directly to petitioner/employer.
(See "RIR Recent Developments.")
Job Offer 
Minimum Requirements
(Education, Experience, Training, Skills, etc.)
The DOL uses the O*NET (Occupational Information Network) and it's five job zones.  each Job Zone contains a range of SVP levels.  The SVP (Specific Vocational Preparation) is the amount of lapsed time required by a typical worker to learn the techniques, acquire the information, and develop the facility needed for average performance in a specific job.

Where the minimum requirements exceed O*NET's Job Zones/SVP of education, training and experience deemed normal for the position, the requirements (such as specialized skill, supervisory level or responsibility, foreign language ability, etc.) will be considered unduly restrictive.


Note: Business necessity argument can be used for any unduly restrictive minimum requirements, including "experience gained on the job" and/or for foreign language requirement.
Note: Equivalency of experience for required degree not allowed.
(See "PERM Program.")
The DOL uses  the "DOT" (Dictionary of Occupational Titles) and its SVP levels.  Requirements beyond the SVP level is considered unduly restrictive and not allowed.
Note: Business necessity argument can be used for any unduly restrictive minimum requirements, including "experience gained on the job" and/or for foreign language requirement.


Note: Equivalency of experience for required degree allowed.
The DOL uses  the "DOT" (Dictionary of Occupational Titles) and its SVP levels, and also the "O*NET/SOC"
(Occupational Information Network/
Standard Occupational Classification).  Requirements beyond the SVP level of the DOT or the Job Zone of the O*Net is considered unduly restrictive and not allowed.
Note: Business necessity argument can be used for any unduly restrictive minimum requirements, including "experience gained on the job" and/or for foreign language requirement.


Note: Equivalency of experience for required degree allowed.
Wage 100% rule applies.
PWD determined by DOL.
(See "PERM Program.")
95% rule applies.
Determined by DOL.
95% rule applies.
Determined by petitioner/employer but will be reviewed by DOL.
...
8November 1, 20048 Labor Certification Application:  Backlog Reduction & PERM
 
Labor Certification Application & DOL (Department of Labor):
The ETA-750 Labor Certification Application (LCA) is the first step for many employment-based immigrant visa "green card" applications, where a US Petitioner/Employer proves that there are no qualified, able, willing and available US workers (U.S. Citizens or Legal Permanent Residents) who can meet the minimum requirements of a job offer (requirements of the job offer include minimum education, experience, specialized knowledge, etc., necessary for the job, and a salary that is considered at "prevailing wage" for the position).
The required recruitment campaign (advertisement, etc.) is conducted by the U.S. Petitioner/Employer, and if no U.S. workers are located and if the foreign national (beneficiary/employee) meets the requirements, the LCA may be certified by the Department of Labor (DOL).
After the LCA is certified/approved, the I-140 Immigrant Preference Application is filed with the US CIS, and finally, the I-485 "adjustment of status" (U.S.) or "consular processing" for issuance of the actual "green card" status can be made.  (Currently, the I-140 & I-485 "adjustment of status" can be concurrently "filed," and in some regions, also concurrently "processed.")
However, the LCA program has historically operated under the burden of a very large backlog of cases.  With local, state, and regional offices of the DOL handling various stages of the LCA program with differing rules, policies, guidelines, processing times, etc., the current size of the national backlog approximates 300,000 applications.
To address this concern, the DOL has and is developing a two-pronged approach:  4Backlog Reduction, and4PERM.
Backlog Reduction:
As of October 1, 2004, the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) has and is implementing an infrastructure that will provide a cost effective facility and organization for the processing of LCAs beginning with receipt to certification/denial of the application.  Consolidation/centralization of filed/pending and future LCA applications is the most significant change.  Currently, LCA applications are filed, processed (and recruitment supervised) by the State Workforce Agency (SWA, ETA/DOL), and thereafter, forwarded to the Regional DOL office for certification.
By March 31, 2005, the SWA and Regional DOL are expected to forward all filed/pending LCA applications to designated DOL centers.  (In effect, the SWA's role in the LCA application will be phased out.)
SWA & LCA Applications
LCA applications completed prior to January 1, 2005 will be sent to Regional DOL offices under current guidelines.
New LCA applications submitted after January 1, 2005 will be accepted by the SWA but will not be "opened."  These new LCA applications will be forwarded to the National LCA Offices:  Atlanta Processing Center, Chicago Processing Center.
By March 31, 2005, SWAs and Regional DOL offices will forward filed/pending LCA applications to appropriate Backlog Reduction Centers (BRC):  Dallas Backlog Center, Philadelphia Backlog Center, Boston/New York Regional Office, San Francisco Regional Office.

National BRC:  Dallas & Philadelphia Backlog Center
The DOL has two national Backlog Reduction Centers (BRC):
- Dallas Backlog Center
- Philadelphia Backlog Center
New LCA applications filed by January 1, 2005 will be accepted by the  but will not "open" these applications.
By March 31, 2005, SWA and Regional DOL will forward filed/pending LCA applications to these two offices.
The Dallas & Philadelphia BRCs are expected to close by 2007.

Regional BRC:  Boston/New York Regional Office & San Francisco Regional Office
In addition to the two national BRCs, the DOL is designating two regional DOL offices as additional Backlog Reduction Centers (BRC):
- Boston/New York Regional Office
- San Franciso Regional Office
By March 31, 2005, SWA and Regional DOL will forward filed/pending LCA applications to these two offices.
The Boston/New York Regional Office & San Franciso Regional Office is expected to close by 2006.

National LCA Offices:  Atlanta Processing Center & Chicago Processing Center
The two national processing centers will handle non-backlog LCA applications, including future LCA (PERM), H-2A, and H-2B applications:
- Atlanta Processing Center
- Chicago Processing Center
If PERM is not implemented, it may serve as backlog reduction centers.
The two National LCA Offices are to be operational by the end of 2004.

Atlanta Processing Center's jurisdiction:  Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virgin Islands, Virginia, Washington, DC, West Virginia.

Chicago Processing Center's jurisdiction:  Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming.

The DOL has stated that it will publish this new procedure in the Federal Register within the next two months to inform the public of this processing change.
Download: "New LCA Offices (National & Regional)" (10/04) (DOL)
Download: "LCA Transition Guide to SWAs" (10/04) (DOL)
Download: LCA Transition (10/04) (MNAILAPP)
Download: "LCA Backlog Reduction" Interim Rule ETA (Federal Register, Vol. 69, No. 139, 07/21/04) (07/04)
Details: History, Backlog & Future of the LCA (Labor Certification Application) (Immigrant Visa "Green Card" Employment-Based)
Details: "RIR" Recent Developments:  Labor Certification Application (Immigrant Visa "Green Card" Employment-Based)
Related(LINK): Labor Certification Application (LCA)
Related(LINK): Immigrant Visa "Green Card" (Employment Based)
i8Gov. Site: Federal Register..


Highlights from 2003 (News/Update ARCHIVES)
September 5, 20038 Immigrant Visa & Adjustment/Revoked I-140 Immigrant Preference Petition does notnegate I-485 Adjustment Applications
The BCIS/INS has finalized its memorandum, allowing for revoked I-140 applications to be considered valid for the purposes of an I-485 adjustment application (as long as the I-485 has been pending for more than 180 days).  This is pursuant to the "adjustment portability" provision of AC21 106(c).
Employment-Based Immigrant Visa "Green Card" Applications generally require three steps:  (1)  ETA-750 LCA, (2) I-140 Immigrant Preference Petition, and (3) I-485 Adjustment - or - Consular Processing.  The "Adjustment Portability" rule allows an applicant to change the petitioner/employer, if the last step (3) is an I-485 adjustment of status, and the application has been pending for more than 180 days.
Example:  Co. A files and obtains certification of Step (1) ETA-750 LCA.  Thereafter, Co. A files and obtains approval of Step (2) I-140 Immigrant Preference Petition.  Finally, the applicant/beneficiary/employee submits (3) I-485 Adjustment ("green card") application.  If more than 180 days have passed since filing (3) I-485 Adjustment -- the applicant/beneficiary/employee can change the petitioner/employer, from Co. A --> Co. B.
Yet, after changing from Co. A --> Co. B, if the (2) I-140 Immigrant Preference Petition is revoked -- will the (3) I-485 Adjustment application for the applicant/beneficiary/employee, continue and be valid for the new Co. B?
The BCIS/INS' finalized memorandum states that even if the initially approved (2) I-140 Immigrant Preference Petition is revoked, as long as 180 days have passed since the filing of the (3) I-485 Adjustment application, the applicant/beneficiary/employee can continue with the adjustment ("green card") process.
Details: EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRANT VISA PORTABILITY AC21 106(c)
PDF4Download:DHS "Revoked I-140 & Adjustment Portability" Memo  (08/03)  (DHS/BCIS/INS)
Details: EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRANT "GREEN CARD" VISA
Related Topic:
July 8, 20038 Immigrant Visa & Adjustment/Revoked I-140 Immigrant Preference Petition does not negate I-485 Adjustment Applications
Employment-Based Immigrant Visa "Green Card" Applications generally require three steps:  (1)  ETA-750 LCA, (2) I-140 Immigrant Preference Petition, and (3) I-485 Adjustment - or - Consular Processing.  [Related topic]

Related Topic:
June 6, 20038 Adjustment?  Consular Processing?  "Concurrent Filing"?
Employment-Based Immigrant Visa "Green Card" Applications generally require three steps:  (1)  ETA-750 LCA, (2) I-140 Immigrant Preference Petition, and (3) I-485 Adjustment - or - Consular Processing.
This last step, to actually obtain the immigrant visa "green card," may be possible in the United States, or overseas via Consular Processing. If filing for (3) I-485 Adjustment, then "concurrent filing" rules allow submission of (2) I-140 Immigrant Preference Petition AND the (3) I-485 Adjustment, "concurrently."
The BCIS/INS has provided some details of how the agency processes "concurrently" filed applications.  Also, review the differences between filing for an I-140 and I-485 adjustment ("concurrent" filing) vs. the I-140 and consular processing.
Details: Step (2) & (3):  Concurrent Filing (I-140 & I-485) Rule
Download: (blank document) DSI052903
Details/Related Topic: Step (3) I-485 Adjustment of Status VS. Consular Processing Info. & Chart.
Details/Related Topic: EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRANT VISA PORTABILITY AC21 106(c)
Details: EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRANT "GREEN CARD" VISA



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